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| abbr | abbreviation |
| sing | singular |
| pl | plural |
| n | noun |
| pron | pronoun |
| C | Countable noun |
| U | Uncountable noun |
| v | verb |
| I | Intransitive verb |
| T | Transitive verb |
| adj | adjective |
| adv | adverb |
| opp | opposition |
| sth | something |
| sb | somebody |
| conj | conjunction |
| det | determiner |
| pp | past participle |
| pt | past tense |
| prep | preposition |
| sing | singular |
| symb | symbol |
| SYN | synonym |
| US | English from the United States |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| AustralE | Australian English |
| BrE | British English |
| CanE | Canadian English |
| EAfrE | East African English |
| IndE | Indian English |
| IrishE | Irish English |
| NAmE | North American English |
| NEngE | English from Northern England |
| NZE | New Zealand English |
| SAfrE | South African English |
| ScotE | Scottish English |
| SEAsianE | South-East Asian English |
| WAfrE | West African English |
| WelshE | Welsh English |
We use CAN to talk about things we *are able to do*
We use CAN'T to talk about things we *are not able to do*
CAN'T = cannot
CLICK HERE → *
• I * fly. I am not able to.
• Fish * walk, but they * swim.
• A bird * sing, but a bird * swim.
• My cat * climb trees, but it * talk.
• My little brother * write yet, but he * draw very well.
subject + can/can't + base verb
CLICK HERE → *
* I can to swim.
* She can't drives a car.
* He can play guitar.
* She can speaks English.
* Birds can flying.
After can/can't we do not use to or -ing
PAST SIMPLE
subject + verbpast tense
| I/You/We/They/He/She/It |
| I ate.. |
| I did not eat.. (didn't) |
| Did you eat..? |
yesterday | ago | last night | last week | last month ..
completed actions in the past
PAST CONTINUOUS
subject + was/were + verbing
| I/He/She/It | You/We/They |
| I was eating.. | You were eating.. |
| I wasn't eating.. (was not) |
You weren't eating.. (were not) |
| Was he eating..? | Were you eating..? |
while | when | as
action was in progress in the past
PAST PERFECT
subject + had + verbpast participle
| I/You/We/They/He/She/It |
| I had eaten.. |
| I hadn't eaten.. (had not) |
| Had you eaten..? |
before | after | by the time
an action completed before another action in the past
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
subject + had been + verbing
| I/You/We/They/He/She/It |
| I had been eating.. |
| I hadn't been eating.. (had not) |
| Had you been eating..? |
how long before another action in the past
PRESENT SIMPLE
subject + verbe/es
| I/You/We/They | He/She/It |
| I eat.. | He eats.. |
| I don't eat.. (do not) |
He doesn't eat.. (does not) |
| Do you eat..? | Does he eat..? |
always | usually | often | sometimes | never
habits, facts, routines, things that are always true
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
subject + am/are/is + verbing
| I | You/We/They | He/She/It |
| I am eating.. | You are eating.. | He is eating.. |
| I am not eating.. | You are not eating.. | He is not eating.. |
| Am I eating..? | Are you eating..? | Is he eating..? |
now | at the moment | Look! | Listen!
actions happening now, temporary actions
PRESENT PERFECT
subject + have/has + verbpast participle
| I/You/We/They | He/She/It |
| I have eaten.. | He has eaten.. |
| I haven't eaten.. (have not) |
He hasn't eaten.. (has not) |
| Have you eaten..? | Has he eaten..? |
just | already | yet | ever | never
action completed at some time before now, experience
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
subject + have/has been + verbing
| I/You/We/They | He/She/It |
| I have been eating.. | He has been eating.. |
| I haven't been eating.. |
He hasn't been eating.. |
| Have you been eating..? | Has he been eating..? |
since | for | how long
action that continues up to now
FUTURE SIMPLE
subject + will/shall + verb
| I/You/We/They/He/She/It |
| I will eat.. |
| I won't eat.. (will not) |
| Will you eat..? |
tomorrow | next week | soon
decisions, promises, predictions
action will happen in the future
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
subject + will/shall be + verbing
| I/You/We/They/He/She/It |
| I will be eating.. |
| I won't be eating.. (will not) |
| Will you be eating..? |
action will be in progress in the future
FUTURE PERFECT
subject + will/shall have + verbpast participle
| I/You/We/They/He/She/It |
| I will have eaten.. |
| I won't have eaten.. (will not) |
| Will you have eaten..? |
by tomorrow | by next week
action will be completed before a future time
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
subject + will/shall have been + verbing
| I/You/We/They/He/She/It |
| I will have been eating.. |
| I won't have been eating.. (will not) |
| Will you have been eating..? |
how long an action will continue before a time in the future
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